Install a wood plank ceiling extreme how to.htm - Jan 15, 2010 · Step 5 - Install the First and Second Plank. Apply a long thin line of construction adhesive on the back of the first plank. It should go up with its groove side next to the ceiling edge, and its tongue side facing into the room. Set the plank on the chalk line for the first ceiling joist. Next, pull it away from the ceiling on a slight angle ...

 
A great thing about the clips is that you can install and remove the WoodHaven planks easily; if you make a mistake (or realize you need to resize your light hole for the third time), you can just back the clips up, take the piece down, and go trim the piece again. Awesome! Installing WoodHaven Planks to Drop Ceiling Grid. Skechers kohl

Jan 15, 2010 · Step 5 - Install the First and Second Plank. Apply a long thin line of construction adhesive on the back of the first plank. It should go up with its groove side next to the ceiling edge, and its tongue side facing into the room. Set the plank on the chalk line for the first ceiling joist. Next, pull it away from the ceiling on a slight angle ... Attaching the wood planks. 5. Cut boards to right length, then nail into ceiling. Start the first row by placing the narrow side of the board towards the wall and the slot outwards. Nail in the first plank. I drew a couple of lines on the ceiling indicating where the studs were located so I knew where to nail.With the low pitched hip roof, we couldn’t add a ton of weight to the ceiling which eliminated my first 3 wood plank options - beadboard planks, car siding, and flat edge pine. All three were too thick and would add too much weight to our roof. 4x8 panels weren’t an option either because I didn’t want to see the seams.Ceiling planks are easy to install and make a great weekend project for DIYers. No need for nails or glue – these ceilings install directly to ceiling joists or drywall with the Easy Up track and clip system, or in some installations, using the clips and screws included in the carton. Another great option - cover up an old, outdated 15/16 ...4.Trim the dry walls. Trim the dry wall’s length by first marking the line with chalk. Score the line with the knife first, then cut deeper with the second pass. Install panels over vents or light fixtures loosely at first. Use a rotary drill to cut out a border for the fixture or vent, and then fully attach the board.Step 7: Molding. After you’ve completed installing your wood on the ceiling, you’ll want to install crown molding around the perimeter of your wood treatment. Crown is kind of a necessary evil with this project. By using crown, you don’t have to worry about getting the boards tight at the ends where they touch the walls.5" x 84" WOODHAVEN Classic White. WoodHaven Classic White plank embodies the look of real wood with its deep, rich embossed grain pattern. Planks can be installed in a variety of ways; view our installation instructions for details. Kanopi is a direct-to-customer branch of Armstrong.Wood Ceiling Planks Comparison. There are pros and cons to both real wood and MDF ceilings, but for an easier and less time-consuming wood ceiling solution, WOODHAVEN ceiling planks are the clear winner. You just bought a house and inherited an old drop ceiling with it. Learn how to completely cover a drop ceiling in as little as a weekend!Sep 3, 2022 · Learn how you can easily update a drop ceiling with WOODHAVEN™ wood look planks and Easy Up® clips. Completely cover your ceiling grid without tearing it dow... William on Jun 20, 2018. Yes you need to put up drywall. It is a fire barrier. About 2 hours before a fire can spread. A moisture barrier and adds to the insulating factor. Maybe less with the wood planks but it's still needed. If it was just a shed then it would not be required.5" x 84" WOODHAVEN Painted White. WoodHaven Painted White plank applied to the ceiling or wall offers a clean, classic look that works with any space. Planks can be installed in a variety of ways; view our installation instructions for details. Order a Sample. Buy Online with Kanopi. In this video, home renovation brothers Dave and Rich demonstrate how to hang a plank drop ceiling in an area that we would like to have the option of access... Jan 15, 2010 · Step 5 - Install the First and Second Plank. Apply a long thin line of construction adhesive on the back of the first plank. It should go up with its groove side next to the ceiling edge, and its tongue side facing into the room. Set the plank on the chalk line for the first ceiling joist. Next, pull it away from the ceiling on a slight angle ... Dec 2, 2015 · Next, I attached some strips of 1/2-inch MDF around the perimeter of the room and around the plywood strips. And then I attached 12-inch-wide pieces of 1/2-inch MDF to those strips using 16-gauge finishing nails. For more detail on that step, click here. And after wood filling all of the nail holes and joints in the MDF border, and then sanding ... 1) Easy Up tracks and clips. Use with: 12" x 12" Ceiling Tiles, Wood Look Ceilings. The Easy Up installation system is the fast, easy, and secure way to install surface mount ceilings. This concealed system provides greater dimensional stability and strength over wood furring strips. Attach metal tracks to ceiling joists.Start the First Board. Strip the tongue from one of the boards. Place the board on the ceiling perpendicular to the furring strips. The groove should be facing outward. Face nail this board into place (drive nails upward into the furring strips).https://bit.ly/2UEIulF Learn how to install Armstrong Ceilings WOODHAVEN ceiling planks using the clips and screws included in the box. This tongue and groov...Easy Up Clips on Existing 15/16" Grid - Ceilings Only. Hide old drop ceiling grid with WoodHaven Planks! Easy Up clips may be used to install WoodHaven ceiling planks on existing 15/16" grid. Clips need to fit snugly on the grid, but be able to slide on the grid and require some force to remove.Install the Boards. Remove any baseboards or crown molding from the wall where you’re creating the DIY wood plank wall. Starting at the bottom, place each board tongue side up with the grooves facing down. Use a level to make sure that the boards are straight.Nov 30, 2020 · How To Build A Cedar Porch Ceiling The Sweetest Digs. Install A Wood Plank Ceiling Extreme How To. Front Porch Pallet Wood Ceiling Cape27blog Com Ceilings Pallets. How To Install A Wood Plank Ceiling Young House Love. How To Build A Cedar Porch Ceiling The Sweetest Digs. Tongue And Groove Patio Ceiling Ideas Porch Wood Deck Sep 1, 2022 · Watch how Armstrong WOODHAVEN Planks are attached to exposed joists using furring strips. This same method can also be used when installing planks over drywa... Farmhouse Bathroom Wood Plank Walls & Ceiling Tips, tricks, and a supplies list to install wood plank walls the easy way! The first project we worked on in the master bathroom remodel was planking the walls. Because the bathroom is near the living room and kitchen, I wanted to have a cohesive look. So we decided to use the same wood planking that we have in the other two rooms (seen here and ...5" x 84" WOODHAVEN Painted White. WoodHaven Painted White plank applied to the ceiling or wall offers a clean, classic look that works with any space. Planks can be installed in a variety of ways; view our installation instructions for details. Order a Sample. Buy Online with Kanopi.DIY Projects & Ideas How-Tos Moulding & Millwork DIY Plank Ceiling Installation Updated May 4, 2023 By Brian G. Need a cure for a common ceiling? The look of wood slats on a ceiling can give a room depth and style. Here’s a simple way to do it. Cover it with easy-to-apply ceiling plank panels.Jan 31, 2020 - Explore Only-Wood-Floors's board "How to install wood ceiling" on Pinterest. See more ideas about wood ceilings, plank ceiling, ceiling. We explored four high-end ceiling materials: Natural wood. White, solid PVC trimboards. White PVC with hand-applied, woodgrain finish. And an innovative PVC newcomer — trimboards manufactured ...Model #: 1140. 5" x 84" WOODHAVEN Classic White. See Product Details. Tongue and groove ceiling planks, with their authentic wood looks, create a decorative focal point for any room. Whether your décor is rustic or formal, eclectic or traditional, ceiling planks add textural contrast to walls and floors, and enhance a room’s visual appeal.Oct 26, 2020 - Explore Jody Janssen's board "repair ceilings" on Pinterest. See more ideas about home remodeling, remodel bedroom, remodel.We added a thin line of painters caulk to the back side of each plank and then stuck it onto the ceiling. Then added some nails every couple of feet to secure it to the ceiling. While my husband and son put the planks on the ceiling, I followed behind them with the painter’s caulk and filled some of the bigger cracks and knot holes in the ...Step 7: Molding. After you’ve completed installing your wood on the ceiling, you’ll want to install crown molding around the perimeter of your wood treatment. Crown is kind of a necessary evil with this project. By using crown, you don’t have to worry about getting the boards tight at the ends where they touch the walls.Oct 30, 2021 · A custom DIY Wood Slat Shower Ceiling! As part of our extreme bathroom makeover, we did a wood slat ceiling! You can do this wood slat ceiling in any room, b... Home Improvement Online With Ron HazeltonWith over 500 hundred free DIY ideas, tips, how-to's, suggestions, and video tutorials available to help you turn yo...Oct 9, 2019 · We explored four high-end ceiling materials: Natural wood. White, solid PVC trimboards. White PVC with hand-applied, woodgrain finish. And an innovative PVC newcomer — trimboards manufactured ... 4.Trim the dry walls. Trim the dry wall’s length by first marking the line with chalk. Score the line with the knife first, then cut deeper with the second pass. Install panels over vents or light fixtures loosely at first. Use a rotary drill to cut out a border for the fixture or vent, and then fully attach the board.316. From Plain to Beautiful in Hours. Designer Panel 24-in x 24-in Wood Drop Ceiling Plank 10-Pack. Model # 1016-24X24-10. Find My Store. for pricing and availability. 197. Armstrong Ceilings. WoodHaven 84-in x 5-in Coastal White Ceiling Plank Kit.Second, installing a DIY wood plank ceiling provides natural insulation, thanks to the wood’s porous inner structure, which helps store heat. For that reason, it consumes less energy, giving your entire house high insulation. Lastly, this ceiling treatment is also environmentally-friendly because it’s easily recyclable, which means you can ...Jan 31, 2020 - Explore Only-Wood-Floors's board "How to install wood ceiling" on Pinterest. See more ideas about wood ceilings, plank ceiling, ceiling.How to install a wood plank ceiling young house love patio ngoại thất nhà trần extreme covered with faux beam and rustic charlotte by barron designs houzz top 70 best porch ideas space remodel stained design build cedar the sweetest digs right adds charm How To Install A Wood Plank Ceiling Young House Love Wood Patio Ceiling Ngoại ...William on Jun 20, 2018. Yes you need to put up drywall. It is a fire barrier. About 2 hours before a fire can spread. A moisture barrier and adds to the insulating factor. Maybe less with the wood planks but it's still needed. If it was just a shed then it would not be required.Attaching the wood planks. 5. Cut boards to right length, then nail into ceiling. Start the first row by placing the narrow side of the board towards the wall and the slot outwards. Nail in the first plank. I drew a couple of lines on the ceiling indicating where the studs were located so I knew where to nail.1) Easy Up tracks and clips. Use with: 12" x 12" Ceiling Tiles, Wood Look Ceilings. The Easy Up installation system is the fast, easy, and secure way to install surface mount ceilings. This concealed system provides greater dimensional stability and strength over wood furring strips. Attach metal tracks to ceiling joists. This DIY PLANK CEILING INSTALLATION video offers a step by step process on How To Install An Armstrong Country Classic Acoustic Plank Ceiling with glue and s...Apr 8, 2020 · Wood Patio Ceiling Ngoại Thất Nhà Trần. Install A Wood Plank Ceiling Extreme How To. How To Install A Wood Plank Ceiling Young House Love. Covered Patio With Faux Wood Beam And Plank Ceiling Rustic Charlotte By Barron Designs Houzz. Top 70 Best Porch Ceiling Ideas Covered Space Designs Remodel House With. Stained Wood Plank Patio Ceiling ... Hold plank up to ceiling outlet and mark width and depth with a pencil (Image 1). Cut out marked area with a jig saw (Image 2). Hold plank up to outlet to make sure cut is in proper place. Repeat with other planks around outlets. Reinstall fixtures and turn power to room back on. Continue installing planks until entire ceiling is covered (Image 3). May 4, 2023 · DIY Projects & Ideas How-Tos Moulding & Millwork DIY Plank Ceiling Installation Updated May 4, 2023 By Brian G. Need a cure for a common ceiling? The look of wood slats on a ceiling can give a room depth and style. Here’s a simple way to do it. Cover it with easy-to-apply ceiling plank panels. Install a tongue and groove ceiling wood ceiling installation you groove cedar plank ceiling install a decorative wood ceiling Mar 16, 2020 · Measure the length of the room (in same direction as the individual tracks have been installed). Divide the length in inches by 5. Multiply the remainder by 5. Add 5 to the total and divide by 2 to get the desired width of the first and last row of planks. A custom DIY Wood Slat Shower Ceiling! As part of our extreme bathroom makeover, we did a wood slat ceiling! You can do this wood slat ceiling in any room, b...Photos & Videos. Installation. Products. EASY ELEGANCE Plank (1293) Walls from Armstrong Ceilings are made of PVC plastic. These planks offer mold, mildew and sag resistance and are washable. Planks can be installed either vertically or horizontally. Material Type. PVC. pdf Installation Instructions - Easy Elegance Plank 234K. May 30, 2020 · Let that dry for a couple of hours then you can start installing. Related Reading: Use this color washing technique to stain wood any color! 2. Clean the Surface. Wash the ceiling with a wet rag and some dish soap to remove any dirt or dust. This will help the boards adhere to the ceiling when you glue them in place. Next, I attached some strips of 1/2-inch MDF around the perimeter of the room and around the plywood strips. And then I attached 12-inch-wide pieces of 1/2-inch MDF to those strips using 16-gauge finishing nails. For more detail on that step, click here. And after wood filling all of the nail holes and joints in the MDF border, and then sanding ...Model #480 6" x 48" COUNTRY CLASSIC Plank White. COUNTRY CLASSIC 6-in x 48-in plank provides a rustic, cost-effective alternative to real wood. Apply it directly to the ceiling using Armstrong's Easy Up installation system or adhesive. Step 7: Molding. After you’ve completed installing your wood on the ceiling, you’ll want to install crown molding around the perimeter of your wood treatment. Crown is kind of a necessary evil with this project. By using crown, you don’t have to worry about getting the boards tight at the ends where they touch the walls.Mar 16, 2020 · Measure the length of the room (in same direction as the individual tracks have been installed). Divide the length in inches by 5. Multiply the remainder by 5. Add 5 to the total and divide by 2 to get the desired width of the first and last row of planks. I have always loved planked walls (hence–the floor to ceiling planks in the writing room). Here were some planks that got me going… source. source. source. We had fully intended on buying the orange-speckled laminate giant of the 70s, but when we got to Lowes, we found this whitewashed pine version instead.Feb 10, 2021 · Check out our step by step toutorial on how to install ceiling planks. These styrofoam ceiling planks perfectly imitate natural pinewood. It can be used in r... DIYers will find WoodHaven planks a three-step snap to install using the Easy-Up® installation system. First, attach the Easy Up® tracks directly on to the ceiling, perpendicular to the ceiling joists. Second, snap the clips on the track. Third, position the tongue and groove planks snugly and slide the clip into place–and voila!WoodHaven Beadboard. Warm and inviting or cool and charming. Wood look planks instantly add style to the "fifth wall." Use the wood look ceiling ideas below to get inspiration on how to incorporate this classic, yet always current, trend in your home.Bring the new plank and mark its location on the plank and cut it with the jigsaw. If you have to deal with a nail that went the wrong way just halfway through, pull it out using an end nipper pliers and a scrap piece of wood to protect the shiplap board. End Nipper Pliers.May 6, 2017 - Explore Jenna Cox's board "Wood plank ceiling", followed by 232 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about plank ceiling, wood plank ceiling, house design. Step 2: Remove your baseboard and cut away any needed wood on the existing baseboards. Before removing your baseboard, be sure to score your molding using a utility knife. You want to cut the paint and caulk seam before pulling it away from the wall. I used two different prybars to gently remove the baseboard.Step 2: Prepare the herringbone ceiling planks. This plywood comes in 4’x8′ sheets which needed to be cut to size. First – we ripped them into 4’x2′ boards with the cuts against the grain. This is important! You want the grain to run the same way for all the pieces.Learn how you can easily update a drop ceiling with WOODHAVEN™ wood look planks and Easy Up® clips. Completely cover your ceiling grid without tearing it dow...In this video, home renovation brothers Dave and Rich demonstrate how to hang a plank drop ceiling in an area that we would like to have the option of access... Roughly halfway across the ceiling, a rhythm will start to take place and the installation will move increasingly faster. Once any air vents or junction boxes are reached, mark wood flooring planks with pencil and cut to size with chop saw or using jigsaw. Once ceiling is completely covered, re-install air vents and light fixtures.Three Installation Options. 1) Use clips and screws included in the package. Attach planks directly to furring strips over existing joists using the clips and screws included in every plank carton. 2) Easy Up tracks and clips. Install Easy Up tracks. Snap on Easy Up clips. Position planks and slide clips to secure for a flawless installation. This DIY PLANK CEILING INSTALLATION video offers a step by step process on How To Install An Armstrong Country Classic Acoustic Plank Ceiling with glue and s...Shiplap ceiling how to install a wood ceilings 2 you wood ceiling installation you wood look plank ceilingSecond, installing a DIY wood plank ceiling provides natural insulation, thanks to the wood’s porous inner structure, which helps store heat. For that reason, it consumes less energy, giving your entire house high insulation. Lastly, this ceiling treatment is also environmentally-friendly because it’s easily recyclable, which means you can ...Watch how Armstrong WOODHAVEN Planks are attached to exposed joists using furring strips. This same method can also be used when installing planks over drywa...Oct 30, 2021 · A custom DIY Wood Slat Shower Ceiling! As part of our extreme bathroom makeover, we did a wood slat ceiling! You can do this wood slat ceiling in any room, b... Jan 15, 2010 · Step 5 - Install the First and Second Plank. Apply a long thin line of construction adhesive on the back of the first plank. It should go up with its groove side next to the ceiling edge, and its tongue side facing into the room. Set the plank on the chalk line for the first ceiling joist. Next, pull it away from the ceiling on a slight angle ... These 6” x 48” mineral fiber planks have a beveled tongue and groove edge that achieves a beautiful, finished look for your home. COUNTRY CLASSIC Plank is available in white and 3 NEW prefinished colors. COUNTRY CLASSIC Plank White. COUNTRY CLASSIC Plank Light Gray. Cost-effective alternative to real wood planks. May 4, 2015 · They come in a package of six planks, for a total of 14 sq. ft per package. Before you begin, you will need to find your ceiling joists and which way they run, because you will be nailing the planks into those joists. Whichever way the joists run, you will nail your planks in the opposite direction, across the joists. Next, I attached some strips of 1/2-inch MDF around the perimeter of the room and around the plywood strips. And then I attached 12-inch-wide pieces of 1/2-inch MDF to those strips using 16-gauge finishing nails. For more detail on that step, click here. And after wood filling all of the nail holes and joints in the MDF border, and then sanding ...Model #: 1140. 5" x 84" WOODHAVEN Classic White. See Product Details. Tongue and groove ceiling planks, with their authentic wood looks, create a decorative focal point for any room. Whether your décor is rustic or formal, eclectic or traditional, ceiling planks add textural contrast to walls and floors, and enhance a room’s visual appeal. They come in a package of six planks, for a total of 14 sq. ft per package. Before you begin, you will need to find your ceiling joists and which way they run, because you will be nailing the planks into those joists. Whichever way the joists run, you will nail your planks in the opposite direction, across the joists.Curves for Days. 5 /11. A curved wood ceiling gives this living room a theater-like vibe, which draws even more attention to the "screen"—the spectacular view through the wall of windows ...pdf INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS - 12" X 12" CEILING TILES 338K. pdf INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS - ACOUSTAFFIX 309K. pdf INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS - COUNTRY CLASSIC PLANKS 300K. pdf INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS - DROP CEILINGS (15/16" AND 9/16") 772K. pdf INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS - EASY ELEGANCE CEILING PANELS 562K. Jan 31, 2020 - Explore Only-Wood-Floors's board "How to install wood ceiling" on Pinterest. See more ideas about wood ceilings, plank ceiling, ceiling. Easy Up Tracks and Clips for Tiles and Planks. Easy Up tracks and clips are used to install surface mount ceiling tiles or COUNTRY CLASSIC Planks to joists or an existing ceiling. The system provides greater strength and stability and eliminates messy glue or tile lipping caused by warped furring strips.DIY Projects & Ideas How-Tos Moulding & Millwork DIY Plank Ceiling Installation Updated May 4, 2023 By Brian G. Need a cure for a common ceiling? The look of wood slats on a ceiling can give a room depth and style. Here’s a simple way to do it. Cover it with easy-to-apply ceiling plank panels.

We added a thin line of painters caulk to the back side of each plank and then stuck it onto the ceiling. Then added some nails every couple of feet to secure it to the ceiling. While my husband and son put the planks on the ceiling, I followed behind them with the painter’s caulk and filled some of the bigger cracks and knot holes in the .... Park jun yong

install a wood plank ceiling extreme how to.htm

Jul 26, 2011 · I have always loved planked walls (hence–the floor to ceiling planks in the writing room). Here were some planks that got me going… source. source. source. We had fully intended on buying the orange-speckled laminate giant of the 70s, but when we got to Lowes, we found this whitewashed pine version instead. Jun 11, 2021 · Step 7: Molding. After you’ve completed installing your wood on the ceiling, you’ll want to install crown molding around the perimeter of your wood treatment. Crown is kind of a necessary evil with this project. By using crown, you don’t have to worry about getting the boards tight at the ends where they touch the walls. Jan 31, 2020 - Explore Only-Wood-Floors's board "How to install wood ceiling" on Pinterest. See more ideas about wood ceilings, plank ceiling, ceiling.DIY Projects & Ideas How-Tos Moulding & Millwork DIY Plank Ceiling Installation Updated May 4, 2023 By Brian G. Need a cure for a common ceiling? The look of wood slats on a ceiling can give a room depth and style. Here’s a simple way to do it. Cover it with easy-to-apply ceiling plank panels.Step 2: Prepare the herringbone ceiling planks. This plywood comes in 4’x8′ sheets which needed to be cut to size. First – we ripped them into 4’x2′ boards with the cuts against the grain. This is important! You want the grain to run the same way for all the pieces.With the low pitched hip roof, we couldn’t add a ton of weight to the ceiling which eliminated my first 3 wood plank options - beadboard planks, car siding, and flat edge pine. All three were too thick and would add too much weight to our roof. 4x8 panels weren’t an option either because I didn’t want to see the seams.Remove Light Fixtures and Air Vents. Using drill or screwdriver, loosen light fixtures from ceiling. Unscrew ceiling canopy, then unscrew mounting bracket. Add wing nuts to exposed wires, then tuck them up into junction box. Remove any air vents by loosening screws with drill or screwdriver, then taking air vents down, exposing the open HVAC duct. Measure the length of the room (in same direction as the individual tracks have been installed). Divide the length in inches by 5. Multiply the remainder by 5. Add 5 to the total and divide by 2 to get the desired width of the first and last row of planks.Easy Up Clips on Existing 15/16" Grid - Ceilings Only. Hide old drop ceiling grid with WoodHaven Planks! Easy Up clips may be used to install WoodHaven ceiling planks on existing 15/16" grid. Clips need to fit snugly on the grid, but be able to slide on the grid and require some force to remove.Three Installation Options. 1) Use clips and screws included in the package. Attach planks directly to furring strips over existing joists using the clips and screws included in every plank carton. 2) Easy Up tracks and clips. Install Easy Up tracks. Snap on Easy Up clips. Position planks and slide clips to secure for a flawless installation. May 4, 2021 · A great thing about the clips is that you can install and remove the WoodHaven planks easily; if you make a mistake (or realize you need to resize your light hole for the third time), you can just back the clips up, take the piece down, and go trim the piece again. Awesome! Installing WoodHaven Planks to Drop Ceiling Grid Oct 30, 2021 · A custom DIY Wood Slat Shower Ceiling! As part of our extreme bathroom makeover, we did a wood slat ceiling! You can do this wood slat ceiling in any room, b... https://bit.ly/2UEIulF Learn how to install Armstrong Ceilings WOODHAVEN ceiling planks using the clips and screws included in the box. This tongue and groov...Photos & Videos. Installation. Products. EASY ELEGANCE Plank (1293) Walls from Armstrong Ceilings are made of PVC plastic. These planks offer mold, mildew and sag resistance and are washable. Planks can be installed either vertically or horizontally. Material Type. PVC. pdf Installation Instructions - Easy Elegance Plank 234K. Feb 28, 2020 · This DIY PLANK CEILING INSTALLATION video offers a step by step process on How To Install An Armstrong Country Classic Acoustic Plank Ceiling with glue and s... Nov 15, 2022 · The cost of planking a ceiling depends on a few factors, including the type of wood you use, the size of your ceiling, and the complexity of the installation. Generally, you can expect to pay between $1 and $5 per square foot for the materials and labor. If you’re doing the project yourself, you’ll just need to factor in the cost of the ... .

Popular Topics